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領英(Linkedin)中傳來Dan Jones[1]的文章「將精益作為創造更好制品的戰略[2]」。文末的幾段正寫出我的體驗。
——李兆華老師

WHAT ABOUT MANAGEMENT?
This article has stressed the importance of building learning into our strategy to develop better products for our customers. But there is another important aspect of learning: if embraced, it fundamentally changes the way management manages. By building learning into the functions of management we are adding a powerful layer to the idea that problem solving is the key to developing a learning organization.
I actually think that problem solving is only part of the story. As Michael Ballé has pointed out many times, if you are solving the wrong problems you are wasting your time. The key challenge for management is finding the right problems to solve, which can only be done by going to the front line to understand how they struggle with today’s challenges. It’s all about problem finding and helping managers to learn how to unearth the underlying issues they are currently not seeing.
I have recently experienced this as I was walking with senior managers on the shop floor of a car factory. Their initial problem statement – before going to the gemba – was that their costs were too high and they had to reduce them to stay competitive. After going to the gemba, hearing the Toyota story and talking to people at the front line, however, they had an epiphany. When I asked the senior execs again what their biggest problem was, they told me, “Quite clearly, it is us.” People at the front line had been asked to work with broken systems commissioned by management. Does this sound familiar?
This sort of realization can be very profound for senior managers. It has the power to start a different journey into finding and framing the next steps to tackle the real challenges the company is facing. Critically, it creates a link between problem solving on the shop floor, designing better products and making learning the core of the organization’s strategy.

管理又是如何呢?
這篇文章強調了在策略中內建「學習」,為顧客開發出更好制品的重要性。但「學習」另有一個重要的面向:如果我們緊抱它,它將根本的改變管理層的管理方法。當內建「學習」于管理機能時,將更加強固「解決問題是發展學習型組織關鍵的想法」。
實際上,我認為解決問題也只是一部分的故事。如Michael BAllé曾多次指出的,如果你只是解決錯誤的問題,將完全浪費你的時間。對管理層的挑戰是找到要解決的正確問題,而這只能到第一線去,了解他們如何爭斗于今天的挑戰。重點在于找到問題,與幫助管理者學習如何挖掘目前看不到,底層的課題。
我最近與汽車廠的高階管理者現場觀察時,也有了類似的體驗。去現場之前,所陳述的問題是他們的成本太高,必須降低成本以維持競爭力。去了現場之后,聽到了豐田的做法,并與前線的人們談話之后,他們有了新的頓悟。當我再問他們「什么是最大的問題?」他們告訴我「非常明顯,就是我們!」現場的人們被要求在我們凌亂的管理系統下工作。這不是很熟悉的說法?
這種高階管理者們非常深刻的體認,讓我們可以邁向另一發現與框定下一步的途徑,以便處理公司所面對的真正挑戰。重要的是,它建構了在現場解決問題、設計更好的制品,與讓「學習」成為組織核心間的鏈接。
兩周前我在桂林與管理者們作現場觀察時,無意中發現邊上的作業者緊張地作業。一問之下是新人,再一問,原來該困難作業的熟手離職了,新人就抵熟手的位置。新人為何不是先作比較簡單的作業(新人工程)呢?因為其他資深的人不會這作業,所以新人抵此作業。至此發現了問題嗎?
為何最不熟練的新人要從困難工程開始學習呢?因此不是會讓新人充滿挫折感嗎?
為何其他資深人員不會做該困難作業呢?平時的多能工訓練呢?
一樣不會作業,為何不是由資深人員學習該困難作業呢?
至此,讓我聯想到以下常聽到的話題:
當初一起開疆辟土的資深人員趕不上目前公司的需求。
現在招進來的高專人員學習快,將迅速獨當一面。
將以上的5個說法連在一起,就是說:「新人學習快,資深人員學習慢,趕不上公司的需求。」若不做任何改變,目前的新人將成為未來的資深人員,又將重蹈覆轍。

綜合Daniel T Jones的論述:
1、高階管理者到第一線觀察的目的是找到問題,學習如何挖掘目前看不到,底層的課題。才能了解其制訂的管理系統是否有效。
2、「學習」成為組織核心要成為公司的戰略的意義,在于有具體的行動計劃,而非順其自然。
3、在公司的學習、成長曲線上,安全區中,隨著年資的成長,資深者能力、收入也節節上升,并成為后輩的榜樣。公司的業績也將因此而水漲船高
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感謝冠卓咨詢老師對項目組的全程輔導,通過做項目我們學會了如何用系統科學的方法分析研究問題;開闊了我們的視野并讓我們的管理人員明白了團隊協作的重要性。
——北京某電器公司